Gingivitis is a non-destructive disease that causes inflammation of the gums. The most common form of gingivitis, and the most common form of periodontal disease overall, is in response to bacterial biofilms (also called plaque) that are attached to tooth surfaces, termed plaque-induced gingivitis. Most forms of gingivitis are plaque-induced.
Gingivitis is reversible with good oral hygiene; however, without treatment, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, in which the inflammation of the gums results in tissue destruction and bone resorption around the teeth. Periodontitis can ultimately lead to tooth loss.
The symptoms of gingivitis:
- Swollen gums
- Bright red gums
- Gums that are tender or painful to the touch
- Bleeding gums or bleeding after brushing and/or flossing.
- Bad breath (Halitosis)
Additionally, the stippling that normally exists in the gum tissue of some individuals will often disappear and the gums may appear shiny when the gum tissue becomes swollen and stretched over the inflamed underlying connective tissue. The accumulation may also emit an unpleasant odor. When the gingiva are swollen, the epithelial lining of the gingival crevice becomes ulcerated and the gums will bleed more easily with even gentle brushing, and especially when flossing.
Risk factors associated with gingivitis include the following:
- age
- osteoporosis
- low dental care utilization
- poor oral hygiene
- overly aggressive oral hygiene such as brushing with stiff bristles.
- mouth breathing during sleep.
- Orthodontic braces
- medications and conditions that dry the mouth.
- cigarette smoking
- genetic factors
- stress
- mental health issues such as depression
- pre-existing conditions such as diabetes
- Drinking alcohol
- Obesity